E/en indicates location :

E Brest emañ o chom.

Eus indicates origin:

Eus Karaez eo

Eus Karaez emañ o tont

Dre indicates passing through (via) a place

Dre Bloermel emaon o vont

Da indicates :

1. goal or destination:

   Da Gemper

   da brenañ bara

2. possession :

   Da biv eo ? Da Gatell ?

Here is the complete table for these forms :

• Din, dit, dezhañ, dezhi, singular
• Dimp (deomp), deoc'h, dezho plural

Soft or softening changes are the ones most used in breton. In the lesson they occur after 2 prepositions, da and dre. (See for a complete table of these changes.)

Note that the prepositions eus and e don't cause changes :

Eus Brest

E Kemper

Softening changes can also occur in nouns after the article and in descriptive adjectives (see lesson 15, lesson 16 or this table). In the lesson :

ur Gentel

ar skol-veur

Other examples :

compare

Yec'hed mat ! and Chañs vat

tad-kozh and mamm-gozh

Softening changes also occur after these 2 possesives : da (2nd person singular) and e (3rd person masculine singular).

Pelec'h emañ da vreur ?

Piv eo e vamm ?

Aspirate change occurs chieflyafter the 4 possessives: ma, he, hon, o. In the lesson, we have these examples:

karr

ma c'harr

he c'harr

(See table)

Comment: Outside of Tregor, instead of unchanged hon, hor and hol are also used, changing with the article, depending on the consonant of the following noun. Aspirate change is not complete in this system where only the K/C'H change is applied. So we have :

Hor c'harr

Hor paner

Hon tud