The possessor word follows the noun. No article is used in these type of sentences. Compare :

Un ti eo

Ti Yann eo

Ti ar paotr eo

Ti paotr Kallag eo

(It's a house. It's Yann's house. It's the boy's house. It's the boy from Kallag's house.)

Certain Breton place names sum up the rule neatly :

Mor Breizh

Penn ar Pont

Douarnenez (Douar-an-enez)

(Sea of Brittany i.e. the Channel, Head of the Bridge, Land of the Isle)

If there is no article, there is no mutation :

Ur c'hi eo

Ki Yann eo

Kafe Soaz eo

Ar c'hafe eo

Kafe eo

Apart from the mutation of masculine nouns, the article also causes the mutation of feminine nouns (which are studied inKentel pemzek.)

In the new vocabulary for this lesson we have the example :

bag, ar vag

For most common nouns it is generally made :

• by -où, as in

  traoù

  bannieloù

• or by ioù, as in

  livioù

  levrioù

There are also plural nouns called collective (which are studied in Kentel 16). Here :

tomatez

bananez

orañjez

Zo is used instead of eo when the subject comes before the verb. Compare:

• Bras eo Yann : Complement + verb EO + subject
• Yann zo bras : Subject + verb ZO + complement

What is the difference between the two ? From the point of view of information, they are roughly the same. The difference in meaning is that they answer different questions :

Penaos eo Yann? - Bras eo Yann. (N'eo ket bihan).

Piv zo bras? -Yann zo bras. (N'eo ket Paol).

( In English this difference in meaning is made through intonation. What's Yann like? He's TALL. (He's not SHORT). WHO's tall? YANN is. (not Paol).) It's the first word of the sentence which answers the question, and gives the precise meaning.

Zo also has the meaning there is/are (See Kentel eizh).